## The Central Limit Theorem

[latexpage]The proof and intuition presented here come from this excellent writeup by Yuval Filmus, which in turn draws upon ideas in this book by Fumio Hiai and Denes Petz. Suppose that we have a sequence of real-valued random variables

X_1, X_2, \ldots .

Define the random variable

A_N = \frac{X_1 + \cdots + X_N}{\sqrt{N}}

to be a scaled sum of the first $N$ variables in the sequence. Now, we would like to make interesting statements about the sequence

A_1, A_2, \ldots .

## A Geometric Intuition for Markov’s Inequality

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As the title of the post suggests, this week I will discuss a geometric intuition for Markov’s inequality, which for a nonnegative random variable, $X$, states
$$P(X \geq a) \leq E[X]/a.$$
This is a simple result in basic probability that still felt surprising every time I used it… until very recently. (Warning: Basic measure theoretic probability lies ahead. These notes look like they provide sufficient background if this post is confusing and you are sufficiently motivated!)
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## Correlation and Mutual Information

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Mutual information is a quantification of the dependency between random variables. It is sometimes contrasted with linear correlation since mutual information captures nonlinear dependence. In this short note I will discuss the relationship between these quantities in the case of a bivariate Gaussian distribution, and I will explore two implications of that relationship.
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## Asymptotic Equipartition of Markov Chains

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The Asymptotic Equipartition Property/Principle (AEP) is a well-known result that is likely covered in any introductory information theory class. Nevertheless, when I first learned about it in such a course, I did not appreciate the implications of its general form.  In this post I will review this beautiful, classic result and offer the mental picture I have of its implications. I will frame my discussion in terms of Markov chains with discrete state spaces, but note that the AEP holds even more generally. My treatment will be relatively informal, and I will assume basic familiarity with Markov chains. See the references for more details.
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